Here, We will discuss about Heap Sort in C, their algorithm, implementation code in C, time and space complexity, and their applications.
What is Heap Sort?
Heap Sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm. This sorting algorithm has more favorable worst-case O(n log n) runtime.
Heap Sort is an in-place algorithm but is not a stable sort.
Heaps can be used in sorting an array. In max-heaps, the maximum element will always be at the root.
Heap Sort uses this property of heap to sort the array.
Heap Sort Algorithm
- The tree satisfies Max-Heap property, then the largest element is stored at the root node.
- Swap: Remove the root element and put at the end of the array (nth position). Put the last item of the tree(heap) at the vacant place.
- Remove: Reduce the size of the heap by 1.
- Heapify: Heapify the root element again so that we have the largest element at root.
- The process is repeated until all items of the list are sorted.

Implementation of Radix Sort
Program Code in C
#include<stdio.h>
//function to swap the position of two elements
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i)
{
//find largest among root, left and right child
int largest = i;
int left = 2*i+1;
int right = 2*i+2;
if(left<n && arr[left]>arr[largest])
largest = left;
if(right<n && arr[right]>arr[largest])
largest = right;
//swap and continue heapifying if root is not largest
if(largest != i)
{
swap(&arr[i], &arr[largest]);
heapify(arr, n, largest);
}
}
//main function to do heap sort
void heapsort(int arr[], int n)
{
//build max-heap
for(int i=n/2-1; i>=0; i--)
heapify(arr, n, i);
//heap sort
for(int i=n-1; i>=0; i--)
{
swap(&arr[0], &arr[i]);
//heapify root element to get highest element at root again
heapify(arr, i, 0);
}
}
//print an array
void printarray(int arr[], int n)
{
for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");
}
//Driver code
int main()
{
int data[] = {8, 4, 7, 1, 3, 5};
int n = sizeof(data)/sizeof(data[0]);
heapsort(data, n);
printf("Sorted array : ");
printarray(data, n);
}
Code language: C++ (cpp)
Output
Sorted array : 1 3 4 5 7 8
Code language: PHP (php)
Time and Space Complexity of Radix Sort
Time Complexity | |
Worst Case | O(n log n) |
Best Case | O(n log n) |
Average Case | O(n log n) |
Space Complexity | |
Worst Case | O(1) |
Applications of Radix Sort
Heap Sort is used when
- Systems concerned with security and embedded systems such as Linux Kernel.
- Want to extract smallest or largest from list of items without sorting the list
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